Bow Hunter's Syndrome

Bow Hunter’s syndrome is a stroke that is caused by turning the head to the side in a forcible way. Turning the head in this way puts pressure on the vertebral arteries in the neck; this pressure will cause the blood flow to be impaired. This will in turn cause a stroke. Strokes are caused by the blockage or bursting of a blood vessel. The damage to the blood vessels will cause a loss of blood to the brain, which will in turn cause the tissues to start to die. Diagnosis of Bow Hunter’s syndrome is done by using MRI imaging and MRI angiography.
Symptoms of Bow Hunter’s syndrome are typically the same as those of a regular stroke. Stroke symptoms include dizziness, vision disturbances, trouble speaking and walking, confusion and severe headache. These symptoms will usually occur on only one side of the body. The symptoms may develop or worsen over a period of minutes up to a matter of days. If any of these symptoms are present, medical treatment should be sought immediately by going to the emergency room. The faster treatment is obtained the better the chances for a full recovery. The damage starts immediately, the cells will start to die after 4 minutes without blood. The body will compensate for this loss by directing the blood to the other areas of the brain by using the other vessels that are not damaged. The damage that is caused can be temporary or permanent. Seeking treatment early may increase the chances of decreasing the permanent damage. Patients have the best chance of regaining their capabilities in the first few months. Some other symptoms can include changes in judgment, emotions and memory. Bow Hunter’s syndrome can be treated by two methods. These include using a neck brace for the cases that are not as severe and surgery for those cases that are more severe. The picture I chose is a CT image of a hemmorhagic stroke.
My information came from

http://www.revolutionhealth.com/condtions/brain-nerves/stroke/symptoms/bow-hunters-stroke

my pictures came from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stroke

Sjogren's Disease

Sjogren’s syndrome is a disease that affects the body’s autoimmune system. This means that this disease will cause an increase in antibodies. This increase will bring the antibodies to an abnormal level. These antibodies will then start to attack certain tissues in the body. The antibodies that are associated with this disease will begin to attack the tissues in certain glands in the body, most usually in the salivary, parotid, and, lacrimal glands. Ion 90% of cases Sjogrens disease affects mainly women. In most cases it is believed that this disease is inherited. It has also been found that people who suffer from other autoimmune diseases will be more likely to have the occurrence of Sjogrens disease in their family members. Other common autoimmune diseases are lupus, erythematosus, and juvenile diabetes.
Symptoms of Sjogrens disease depend on the gland that is affected. For example if is the lacrimal gland that is affected the patient can expect to have symptoms of dry eye and eye irritation due to a decrease in the tear production, this irritation can lead to abrasion on the cornea of the eye. If the salivary gland is affected then the patient will have complaints of dry mouth and swallowing difficulty. They may also develop gum disease and tooth decay. It may also lead to the development of stones or infection in the parotid gland. This disease may also affect the joints and blood vessels by causing inflammation. The inflammation of the blood vessels is called (vasculitis). Although this is a very serious complication of Sjogrens disease it is also very rare. Thyroiditis is another disease that is associated with Sjogrens disease. This can lead to thyroid hormone levels that are extremely elevated
This disease is diagnosed by the diagnosis of the symptoms. To test for dryness of the eyes they will perform a test called a Schirmer’s test. This is done by taking a small piece of paper and placing it under the eyelid to test the eyes ability to wet the paper. Problems with the salivary gland s are tested by using a technique called the salivary flow test. To follow up on this test they will perform a salivary gland biopsy. Unfortunately there is not a cure for Sjogrens disease. The only treatment for this disease is to treat the areas that have been affected. In the cases of dry eyes, eye drops are an effective treatment. Dry mouth can be treated by an increase in the patients’ fluid intake, using a humidifier to moisten the air, and have good dental hygiene to avoid problems with gum and tooth decay. When the nasal passage is dry a saline nasal spray is effective in relieving the discomfort of the dryness.
My information came from
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=477&pf=3&page=1

Vein of Galen Malformations

Vein of Galen malformations are a very rare type of condition that affects the blood vessels of the brain and it occurs during embryonic development. This condition results from an abnormal communication between the arteries and the veins in the developing brain. The Vein of Galen is a large vein that is located deep in the base of the brain. Normally blood will flow slowly through the capillaries to allow the exchange of oxygen into the surrounding tissues. With this type of malformation the capillaries are missing. This allows the blood to flow directly from the arteries to the veins. With this type of flow it does not slow down and will not allow the release of oxygen and nutrients. The rush of blood from the brain can cause many problems. Since the blood flows almost straight to the heart so rapidly, the heart can become overwhelmed, thus possibly leading to congestive heart failure. The faster flow of blood may also interfere with the normal blood drainage, which may lead to hydrocephalus. This malformation is rare and develops in utero. This malformation is caused by the blockage of the normal flow or absorption of cerebral spinal fluid. Vein of Galen malformations can be placed in three categories. Group one is neonates that develop congestive heart failure and a noise made by blood turbulence. This is called an intracranial bruit. The second group is infants that present with developmental delays and abnormal enlargement of the head. The third group is comprised of older children who will suffer from possible seizures or epileptic fits. They are in danger of possible strokes. They will also have an enlarged head and have difficulties learning.
It is possible to detect these kinds of abnormalities during antenatal ultrasound scans. Most often it does not appear until after birth when the child experiences rapid heart failure. In severe cases while in utero the baby will have difficulty coping with the abnormal shunt and this will cause the baby to die. If the child survives through birth they will rapidly go into heart failure that can be treated medically. Even with medical treatment in some cases the heart failure is so severe that other organs will be affected and the baby will not survive. Those children who do not develop heart failure will develop the hydrocephalus. This can cause the child to be floppy and sometimes have slight developmental delays. Treatment for these children is possible when they are a few months of age. And although their heads will remain large, over time as they grow their bodies will catch up with and become proportional to their head size.
Embolization is the most effective treatment for this type of malformation. A small catheter is fed through the arteries until the defect is located. Materials will be placed by the surgeon in the artery to block the blood flow to form a clot. The materials used range from fast acting glue to small particles or coils. Although this procedure is not 100% successful on the first attempt the subsequent efforts will gradually close off the remaining blood flow. After treatment is successful patients will often make rapid advances in their development and may go on to lead normal healthy lives. Those children who do not receive treatment will become at risk for developing permanent brain damage. The permanent high pressure within the vessels may also lead to the development of seizures or stroke.

my information came from

http://www.childrenshospital.org/clinicalservices/Site2162/mainpages2162p16.html

http://www.veinofgalen.co.uk/vog.html

my pictures came from

http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic538.htm

Nasal Polyps

Nasal Polyps occur in the lining of the nasal cavity or sinuses. They are soft and non-cancerous. These growths are brought about by having a chronic inflammation of these linings. No one really knows what causes this chronic inflammation. Nasal polyps can affect anyone but they are more common in people over the age of forty and in those who have asthma, chronic sinus infections, hay fever and cystic fibrosis. These polyps rarely cause problems especially if they are smaller. The larger polyps can cause problems with breathing and can affect a persons’ ability to smell things properly.
It is believed that some causes of the chronic inflammation of the nasal lining might be bacterial or viral infections. In some cases it can be caused by allergies or the body’s reaction to a fungus. This inflammation causes the vessels in the nose and sinuses to accumulate water in the cells because they become more permeable. In time these vessels will sag because of the effect of gravity on the swollen tissues. The sagging vessels could develop into polyps. It is believed that people who are affected with a severe allergy to environmental fungus and children with cystic fibrosis are more likely to develop nasal polyps. People who have Churg-Stauss syndrome which is a rare disease that causes inflammation in the vessels are also very likely to develop nasal polyps. If a person has a sensitivity to NSAIDS or aspirin they are also likely to develop nasal polyps.
Some common symptoms of nasal polyps range from the simple runny nose to chronic sinus infections. Those affected complain of persistent stuffiness, a loss or decrease in the sense of smell. Complaints of dull headaches, snoring and chronic sinus infections have also been reported.
CT scans are used to test for nasal polyps by determining size, shape and the location of possible polyps. When a child has been diagnosed with having multiple nasal polyps, the doctor may decide to test the child for cystic fibrosis. This is done by doing a sweat test, which consists of measuring the amount of sodium chloride in the child’s perspiration. Small nasal polyps normally do not cause complications especially if there is only one. However, if the polyps are large or if there are several they can lead to some complications. Examples of complications are acute or chronic sinus infections, sleep apnea and altered facial structure which can lead to wide set eyes; this is most likely to occur in people with cystic fibrosis. Sleep apnea is a serious condition which causes an individual to stop breathing for short periods of times while sleeping.
Treatment for nasal polyps range from steroid treatments to surgery. Doctors will prescribe a corticosteroid nasal spray to relieve the inflammation and shrink the polyp. This treatment is usually prescribed if there are one or more small polyps. If this treatment proves ineffective the doctor may decide that surgery is the best option. Two types of surgery are used. The first is Polypectomy. This is a procedure in which the polyp is removed completely. The other type of surgery is known as an Endoscopic sinus surgery. In this surgery they not only remove the polyp, they also open the area of the sinuses where the polyps have been forming. In the cases where the chronic sinus infections have been caused by an environmental fungus the doctor may prescribe antifungal medications.

My information came from the following website.
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/nasal-polyps/ds000498

My picture came from the following website.

http://www.ghorayeb.com/NasalPolyps.html

Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is a form of cancer that can affect children during fetal development up to five years old. It is caused by immature retinal cells and can affect one or both eyes. Retinoblastoma is the most diagnosed form of eye cancer in children. It is largely believed that this form of cancer develops from a mutation of chromosome 13 (in the long arm). Common signs of retinoblastoma are a white glow in the pupil of the affected eye that is visible in dim lighting. It is also noticeable in color photos by the white appearance of the pupil. Also patients may have crossed eyes or eyes that are not properly aligned.
When patients receive prompt medical care their prognosis is good. The survival rate in the United States and Great Britain is around 85%. If the optic nerve is not involved enucleation is performed before the tumor passes through the lamina cribrosa, in these cases the cure rate is almost 90%. If the tumor extends beyond the lamina cribrosa the survival rate decreases to 60%. Some complications of retinoblastoma survivors can include the development of secondary nonocular tumors (this occurs in 50% of patients who have survived having bilateral retinoblastoma), the development of a cataract, retinal vascular damage and/or hemorrhage.
Patients suffering from retinoblastoma can be treated by radiation treatment, chemotherapy, or surgical removal of the tumor, which is known as enucleation. Enucleation is most commonly performed when the chance of preserving useful vision is unlikely. Patents receiving enucleation are those that have a total retinal detachment.
As retinoblastoma progresses the appearance of the eye becomes worse, and can develop into a large orbital mass in and around the eye. CT images are pivotal in identifying and diagnosing this form of tumor. It also allows the assessment of anatomy for possible extension of the retinoblastoma.
Retinoblastoma is one of the cancers that if discovered early can be successfully treated.

My information came from

http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic346.htm

My picture came from

http://www.retinoblastoma.net/whatisrb.html

Craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngioma is a tumor that develops near a small endocrine gland known as the pituitary gland which is located at the base of the brain. This is a benign type of tumor that commonly affects children between the ages of 5 and 10 years old. It can however develop in older individuals as well.This disease does not affect one sex more than another.
Craniopharyngiomas will affect the body most commonly in these three ways. It causes an increased pressure on the brain (intracranial pressure). It will also disturb the function of the pituitary gland, and it will cause damage to the optic nerve. With the increase of brain pressure patients can expect to experience nausea, vomiting (most commonly in the morning), headaches, and problems with balance. Disturbances in the function of the pituitary gland can cause hormone imbalances which can lead to diabetes insipidus. This presents itself by excessive thirst and urination. Pituitary gland problems can also lead to stunted growth. If the optic nerve is disturbed it will cause vision problems. At the time of diagnosis it is very common for patients to have some form of vision disturbances and a drop in hormone production. Disturbances in vision may be permanent and may worsen if surgery is performed to remove the tumor.
Diagnosis of this type of tumor can be obtained by using a CT or MRI scan of the brain. In the past the treatment for these tumors has been to have them surgically removed. In some patients this may not be the best choice. In these cases radiation treatment will be utilized. In the cases where surgery could not completely remove the tumor radiation therapy will be required.
I n most cases if the tumor can be completely removed or if high doses of radiation are given the prognosis is very good with most patients having an 80-90% chance for a complete cure. The prognosis will vary on a patient by patient basis depending on the severity of their individual symptoms. In most cases the vision problems and hormonal imbalances will not be resolved with the treatment and can become worse because of the treatment.
Some complications associated with the treatment of craniopharyngioma are that a very large percentage of patients will have continuing visual, hormonal and neurological problems. In the cases where the tumor couldn’t be completely removed it is common for the tumor to return.

The image I chose is of a gadolinium enhanced T-1 weighted MRI image of a craniopharyngioma in a 23 year old female.

My information was obtained from

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000345.htm

my picture was obtained from

www.emedicine.com/radio/topic196.htm

Glomus Tympanicum Tumor

Glomeus Tympanicum Tumors are tumors that grow in the portion of the ear known as the middle ear. These type tumors are often called neoplasms. Glomerus Tympancium tumors are the most common type of neoplasm found in the middle ear. Symptoms of this type of tumor include hearing a pulsing sound which is known as pulsatile tinnitus. This results from the sound the blood makes as it moves through the vessels of the tumors. The most severe symptom is that of conductive hearing loss which is caused by the tumor blocking the sound through the middle ear. Some of the other symptoms can include ear pain, and bleeding.
The diagnosis process is based on the patients’ symptoms. It is customary for a physical examination to be done first. It is in this examination that a bluish mass is found behind the ear drum. Following this a hearing test and a CT exam are performed. The CT is done to assess the location of the tumor in relation to other structures in the ear. The CT is also used to determine the size of the tumor. The CT scan will also show if there are small erosions in the bones.
Most often these tumors are treated by surgically removing them. The surgeon will remove them by making a small incision in the ear canal to remove the smaller tumors but if the tumor is larger it will be removed by making an incision behind the ear. Although these surgeries are done while the patient is under general anesthesia they are usually done as a same day surgery. If the entire tumor is successfully removed the chance of recurrence is very low.

My information came from

www.chicagoear.com/med_info/glomus_tympanicum.htm

My picture came from

www.emedicine.com/RADIO/topic309.htm